How to use Windows Command Prompt?

A Command Prompt is a built-in command-line interface on Windows that lets you interact with your computer directly. The black-colored, archaic-looking screen might not look very impressive at first glance, but do not let its appearance fool you. It is a powerful tool that gives you control over tasks you can not always perform through the usual graphical interface. 

For beginners, it is a great way to learn how your system works, and for IT professionals and system admins, it is an essential tool to complete tasks more swiftly and effectively.

In this article, we will explore what the Command Prompt (CMD) is, how to use CMD, and the benefits of using it.

What is Windows Command Prompt?

The Windows command prompt is a command-line interpreter or a program built into the Windows operating system that is used to execute entered commands. It takes lines of text entered by the user and converts them into commands that the computer can understand. It enables interaction with the OS using text-based commands.

Every version of Windows has had a built-in command line that is used to run built-in commands, utilities, and scripts. The command prompt offers you direct control over your system functions, file and directory management, and troubleshooting issues.

Additional Read: Benefits of having network monitoring together with a unified platform

What is the origin of the Windows Command Prompt?

The origin of the Windows Command Prompt goes back to the early 1980s, with the release of MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). Let us have a look at how Command Prompt has evolved over the years:

• In MS-DOS, the command-line interface was provided through a program called COMMAND.COM, which was the only way users could interact with their computers, as graphical interfaces were not yet available. All file management, program execution, and system configuration tasks had to be performed by typing commands.

• With the arrival of Windows 95, the MS-DOS command line was integrated with the graphical interface, but command-line access was still provided through the MS-DOS Prompt.

• The Command Prompt as we know it today appeared with Windows NT in 1993. This was referred to as cmd.exe or Command Prompt. This new shell was designed to be compatible with the existing MS-DOS commands. It allowed users and organizations to migrate their automation scripts and retain familiarity. 

• Windows XP introduced several new commands and enhanced scripting features, making CMD more powerful for administrative tasks.

• Windows Vista and Windows 7 came with better automation support, administrative tools, and system scripting.

• Along with Windows 8 & 10, PowerShell was introduced, which is just a command-line shell and scripting language, but with significant enhancements. Though Command Prompt remained available for compatibility and ease of use.

• Windows 11, the latest version, introduced the Windows Terminal, which supports different command-line tools like Command Prompt and PowerShell. Command Prompt is still widely used for scripting, legacy tools, and lightweight automation.

How do PowerShell and Windows Terminal differ from Command Prompt?

The table below clarifies how PowerShell and Windows Terminal are different from Command Prompt.

What is the user interface of Windows Command Prompt?

The Command Prompt opens in a terminal window, usually with a black background and white text. Here is what the interface of the Windows command prompt looks like:

• Title bar: Typically displays the application name, such as Command Prompt, or may include a custom window title. Right-clicking the title bar allows access to properties and customization options.

• Menu bar: This menu bar provides access to various options, such as Edit, Defaults, Properties, and settings for the Command Prompt.

• Command line and prompt: This is where the user types the commands. Command prompt typically displays the current working directory path, which by default is UserProfile - the user profile directory for the current user. This is followed by a greater-than sign, e.g., C:\Users\YourName>

• Basic interaction: A blinking cursor following the command prompt signals that the command line is in interactive mode. Users can type text commands and press Enter to execute operations like file management, system information retrieval, and network troubleshooting.

Understanding the command syntax

In Command Prompt, the syntax is organized in a hierarchical way. The root directory is at the highest level. From the root directory, users can access all other directories and files present on their computer. The syntax consists of a command name, parameters, and switches. 

Command name: This is the core instruction that tells the Command Prompt what action to perform. Examples include dir (list directory contents), cd (change directory), and copy (copy files).

Parameters: These are the pieces of information on which the command operates, like a file name or folder. For example, dir C:\Windows: Here, C:\Windows is the parameter, telling dir what directory to list.

Switches: These modify the behavior of the command. In the Windows Command Prompt, switches almost always begin with a forward slash (/).  For example:

/p – Pauses output page-by-page.

/w – Wide view (less info, more filenames per line).

/s – Shows files in the current and all subdirectories.

Here are some basic examples to understand the syntax completely:

1. When you start the Command Prompt program, the first thing you will notice on the screen is this: C:\Users\USERNAME>

• C here refers to the C drive, your computer’s hard drive.

• Users is a folder on that drive that stores user profiles.

• USERNAME is the name of your specific account on the computer.

• The character ‘>’ represents the end of the prompt.

2. To list files with subdirectories in a wide format, the command is:

dir C:\Users\YourName\Documents /s /w

Here,

Command name: dir

Parameter: C:\Users\YourName\Documents -represents the starting directory to list.

Switch 1: /s -Displays files in the specified directory and all subdirectories.

Switch 2: /w -Uses wide list format, arranging files/directories in columns.

You can also customize the appearance and behavior of the Windows Command Prompt (cmd.exe) the way you want. You can change the font, colors, or window size. Here is how:

Using the Title bar menu 

• Open Command Prompt.

• Right-click the Windows title bar.

• Select “Properties” from the menu that appears.

• This will open the "Command Prompt Properties" dialog box with several tabs, such as Options, Font, Layout, and Colors.

• Using these tabs, you can change the font, font size, window size, color, etc.

If you are using Windows 11, take these steps:

• Open Command Prompt.

• Click on the down-arrow icon next to the title bar.

• A drop-down menu will appear. Click on Settings in that menu.

• On the left side of the screen, move down to Command Prompt.

• On the right side, scroll down until you find “Appearance” and click on it.

• Here you can find different options to customize the Command Prompt window.

Additional read: Six mistakes that are killing your MSP

Keyboard shortcuts and tricks for Command Prompt

Here is a list of shortcuts you can use to navigate the Command Prompt window easily:

• Win+X and then A: Run the Command Prompt with administrative privileges. However, this depends on the version of your Windows and system settings. Sometimes, it can even open PowerShell or Windows Terminal. 

• Alt+F4: Exit the Command Prompt window.

• Ctrl+M: Enter or exit Mark Mode, where you can use all four arrow keys to move the cursor.

• Ctrl+Left/Right Arrow: Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word or next word. (respectively) on the current line.

• Ctrl+Up/Down Arrow: Scroll the page up or down without moving the insertion point.

• F7: Displays a history of previous commands.

• Alt+F7: Clear the command history.

• Tab: Autocomplete a folder name.

• Escape: Delete the current line of text.

• Ctrl+C: Abort the line you are currently typing or stop a command that is currently executing.

• F3: Repeat the previous command.

• Right Arrow (or F1): Repeat the previous command character-wise.

• Ctrl+Z: Marks the end of a line. Any text you type after that point on that line will be ignored.

• F8: Move back in the command history to the commands that match the current command. 

• Insert: Toggle insertion mode, where anything you type is inserted at your current location. When it is off, anything you type overwrites what is already there.

How to open the Windows Command Prompt? 

You can open Windows Command Prompt in different ways, depending on the operating system you are using. Let us understand what these methods are. 

Windows 10 and 11

1. Click on the Start menu.

2. Type “cmd” and press Enter.

3. Another way is to press Windows key + R, type “cmd”, and press Enter.

3. You can also press Win + X -select Command Prompt. But the recent Windows 10/11 versions might show Terminal instead of Command Prompt. 

Windows 8

1. Press Windows key + X. 

2. Choose “Command Prompt”.

3. Another method is to click on Start.

4. Type “cmd” in the pop-up box and press Enter.

Windows 7

1. Go to the Start menu.

2. Click on “All Programs” and then “Accessories.”

3. Choose Command Prompt.

4. Or you can press Win+R. A Run dialog box will appear.

5. Type “cmd” in that dialog box and press Enter.

Windows XP, Vista

1. Go to the Start menu. 

2. Click on “All Programs” and choose “Accessories.”

3. Click on Command Prompt.

4. Another way is to press Win+R.

5. A Run dialog box will appear.

6. Type “cmd” in that dialog box and press Enter.

Additional read: How to choose the right PSA tool for your SMB needs

Examples of some basic command prompts and their functions

Here are some examples that simplify how to use the Windows Command Prompt. 

What are the security issues associated with using the Command Prompt?

You need to be careful while using the Windows Command Prompt, as it gives direct access to system-level functions, and misuse can lead to data loss, cybersecurity threats, or even complete system failure. Let us understand how.

• Harmful command execution: The command prompt can run powerful system commands, and if a user is tricked or has elevated rights, they could execute destructive commands (deliberately or by accident). For example, deleting critical files, disabling system services, or creating user accounts for attackers.

• Batch files and scripts: An attacker might trick a user into running a malicious script, which can execute a chain of harmful actions such as downloading malware or stealing critical data.

• Unauthorized access: Network-related commands can expose critical information to unauthorized users.

• Software functions disruptions: Even mistakenly executed commands can inadvertently stop critical services or overwrite configuration files, breaking applications, network connectivity, or the operating system itself.

What are the benefits of using the Command Prompt?

When you use Command Prompt, you can have more control over your file system and operating system. You can just type in a command and receive immediate results. It also allows you to automate certain repetitive tasks easily using batch files. Here is a detailed list of benefits that CMD offers:

• Advanced system control and administration: Granular, keyboard-driven control over the operating system enables tasks such as advanced file management, process control, network setup, and configuration changes that might be difficult through a GUI.

• Troubleshooting and diagnostics: Provides diagnostic tools (like ipconfig, ping, sfc, and chkdsk) for network, hardware, and file system issues. These tools often deliver immediate feedback and advanced troubleshooting data.

• Automation of repetitive tasks: Supports the automation of tasks using batch files (.bat) and scripts.

• Batch processing: Users can execute sequences of commands in batch mode, running complex routines or mass operations.

• Minimum resource usage: CMD is lightweight and consumes very little system memory or CPU resources compared to graphical interfaces.

• Compatible with older systems: The Command Prompt has maintained compatibility with legacy DOS commands and older tools for decades, making it particularly useful when interacting with such legacy interfaces.

What are the limitations of the Command Prompt?

Although CMD provides you with several advantages, such as better control, reduced memory usage, and automation functionality, it also has its own set of limitations. These limitations include:

1. No native support for modern APIs

CMD cannot interact with modern Windows APIs, .NET libraries, or modules, which limits its usefulness for automating advanced tasks, working with databases, web services, or cloud resources. PowerShell, on the other hand, is deeply integrated with .NET and provides official modules for Azure, Microsoft 365, and more.

2. No direct object manipulation

Unlike PowerShell, which is object-oriented and allows for direct object manipulation, CMD is limited to simple text manipulation and requires more convoluted logic to handle moderately complex tasks.

3. Text-based output

CMD only shows plain text as the output. As output has to be formatted that way only, it is difficult to process structured data with CMD. In contrast, PowerShell gives object-based outputs that can be structured in multiple ways, such as tables, lists, and CSV files.

4. Limited scripting and automation capabilities

Batch scripts in CMD are much more basic since they lack advanced data structures, robust control flow, and comprehensive error handling. Features like functions, arrays, structured exception handling (try/catch), and modular scripting are either missing or are implemented in a basic manner.  PowerShell and other scripting languages provide these advanced functionalities. 

Additional Read: 5 ways MSPs can use AI

How to use the Windows Command Prompt safely?

Despite its limitations, the Command Prompt proves to be an effective tool for performing powerful tasks, such as navigating the file system, troubleshooting system errors, and configuring network settings. But this level of access also means that improper use can lead to unintended changes or security vulnerabilities. To use the Command Prompt both effectively and responsibly, consider the following safety practices:

• Double-check the syntax and function of each command or refer to trusted documentation in order to avoid accidental deletion of files, changes in system settings, or disruption of services

• Malicious scripts can hide dangerous commands that harm your system or leak sensitive data. Review the contents of any .bat or .cmd file before running it. Never download and run scripts from unknown websites or email attachments.

• Running Command Prompt as Administrator provides full access to system-level resources. Use "Run as Administrator" only when necessary for system or app-level changes. For regular tasks, use standard user privileges to reduce the risk of accidental damage.

• If a command is entered incorrectly, data loss may occur. Use backup and disaster recovery tools to regularly save important files and system settings.

• Avoid running network-related commands in public or from untrusted sources. Use strong authentication and encrypt sensitive network data when applicable.

• Unpatched systems are vulnerable to command-line-based attacks. Install Windows updates regularly and use up-to-date antivirus/malware protection.

• You can sometimes encounter errors like:

1. Access denied: This is caused by insufficient permissions. 

2. Not recognized as an Internal or External Command: This error appears due to typos or missing executables in the system PATH.

3. Path not found: This error message results from incorrect or mistyped file/directory paths. 

To resolve these:

• Run Command Prompt as Administrator when elevated privileges are required.

• Verify command spelling and ensure executables are present or use full paths.

• Test scripts and commands step-by-step to identify and fix syntax or permission issues.

Additional read: How to talk about IT security with clients

Wrapping up

The Windows Command Prompt enables you to perform numerous repetitive and tedious computing tasks much more quickly through automation. It is also easier to do several network tasks from the CMD than the GUI, such as finding your IP address or running network diagnostics. But to perform all these functions, you need to be clear about how to use the Windows Command Prompt. 

Not just that, you should also exercise caution while using it, as improper commands or elevated access can expose your system to significant security risks.

For MSPs, ensuring the security of their clients’ systems is top priority. SuperOps makes it easier with its streamlined security management. From proactive monitoring and threat detection to automated incident responses, SuperOps provides simplified system management tools that allow you to work faster and smarter. 

Ready to experience all of this firsthand? Schedule a demo, and we will be happy to walk you through the solution. 

FAQs 

1. How to start a PC with Command Prompt?

To start a PC with Command Prompt, access Advanced Startup Options. Restart your PC and hold Shift while clicking Restart. Then go to: Troubleshoot > Advanced options > Command Prompt. Alternatively, boot from a Windows installation USB/DVD, choose Repair your computer, then select Command Prompt.

2. How to use CMD for network troubleshooting?

You can use the following built-in commands for network troubleshooting:

1. ping: It tests connectivity to a host by sending ICMP echo requests and measuring response time. Helps check if a network device or website is reachable.

2. tracert: This command traces the route packets take to a destination, showing each hop along the path and response times. Helpful in identifying network bottlenecks or where failures occur.

3. ipconfig: Displays current IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other network adapter info. 

4. netstat: Shows active network connections, listening ports, and network statistics to detect open connections or network activity.

5. Hostname: Displays the device's network name on the local network, useful for identifying the machine.

3. How do I activate my Windows using Command Prompt?

To activate Windows using Command Prompt (CMD), you need to do the following:

1. Open Command Prompt and run it as administrator.

2. Type the following commands.

-slmgr /ipk- To install Windows a product key

-slmgr /skms kms.xspace.in- Set KMS server

-slmgr /ato- Activate Windows online immediately

3. Press Enter, and this command will activate your Windows.

4. What can CMD be used for?

You can use CMD for file and directory management, check your system’s configuration settings, perform network troubleshooting, and automate repetitive tasks using batch scripts. 

5. How to run from the Command Prompt?

To run a program from the Command Prompt, you can type the name of the program if it is in your system’s path. If the program is not in your system’s path, provide the full path, such as “C:\Program Files\AppName\app.exe” or navigate to the folder first by changing directory, like: cd "C:\Program Files\AppName," and then run app.exe.

6. How do I open the CMD?

Two common methods to open the CMD are:

1. Using the Start Menu Search

-Click the Start button or press the Windows key.

-Type “cmd” or “Command Prompt.”

-Press Enter or click on the Command Prompt app to open it.

2. Using the Run Dialog Box:

-Press Win + R on your keyboard to open the Run dialog.

-Type “cmd.”

-Press Enter or click OK.

7. How can I open a file using CMD?

To open a file using Command Prompt (cmd) in Windows, follow these steps:

1. Open Command Prompt.

2. Navigate to the folder containing the file.

-Use the cd (change directory) command to go to the folder where your file is located. 

-For example, if the file is on the Desktop, type “cd Desktop”

3. Open the file with its default application.

-Use the start command followed by the file name (including extension) to open it in its default associated program. 

-For example, to open a text file named example.txt, type “start example.txt”

8. What is the start command in CMD?

The start command in CMD is used to launch a separate window to run a specified program, command, or to open a file or directory with its default associated application. It usually starts programs or batch files or opens files/directories in their default programs without blocking the current command prompt window.

9. How to go to the path in CMD?

To go to a specific path in the CMD, you need to use the cd (change directory) command followed by the path you want to navigate to. If you want to:

1. Go to a directory by full path, type "cd C:\Users\YourName\Documents”

-This takes you directly to the specified folder.

2. Go to a subfolder inside the current directory:

-If you are in C:\Users\YourName and want to go into Documents, type “cd Documents”

3. Go up one directory level:

If you want to move up to the parent folder of your current directory, type “cd ..”

4. Go to the root directory of the current drive, type “cd \”

5. Change Drive and Directory At the Same Time

-If you want to switch drives (e.g., from C: to D:) and change directory, use the /d switch with cd, type “cd /d D:\Projects”

-This command switches the current working drive to D: and navigates to D:\Projects.

10. How to clear a file in CMD?

To clear a file's contents in CMD, use “type nul > filename.txt.” This overwrites the file with nothing, effectively emptying it. Alternatively, you can also use “echo. > filename.txt.” This clears the file but leaves a blank line.